102
INDEX
algae, 9, 83
alternative fuels, 15, 30, 31, 33, 34,
87, 89
algae oil, 80–81, 88
biodiesel, 82, 83
electric-powered cars, 82, 84
ethanol, 34, 82–83, 88
hydrogen-powered cars, 85–86
American Petroleum Institute (API),
12, 44–45
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 28
Atlantic Richfield Company, 30
Big Oil, 36–45, 55, 65, 89–90
bioplastics, 86–87
bitumen, 7, 11, 16, 72–73
British Petroleum (BP), 37, 46–48,
53–54, 59, 78, 89
Bush, George W., 12, 28, 41, 43
Cabot Oil & Gas, 60, 64
Carter, Jimmy, 30–31
Cheney, Dick, 41
Chevron, 36–37, 39, 44–45, 56, 58–59,
89–90
conservation efforts, 15, 32
crude oil, 7, 8, 11, 13, 16–17, 18, 26, 32,
51, 66, 72, 76, 80
DeChristopher, Tim, 43
Peaceful Uprising, 43
Deepwater Horizon
, 13, 46–47, 49,
52–55, 59
diagrams, 10, 14, 67
environmental hazards of petroleum,
46–59
air pollution, 24, 26, 56, 69, 76
climate change, 33–34, 43, 76,
78–79, 81, 84
greenhouse effect, 14–15
harm to ecosystems, 13–14,
47–48, 54
harm to wildlife, 48–49, 51–54
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 26–27
fuel-efficiency standards, 30,
81–82
everyday uses of petroleum, 6–8
ExxonMobil Corporation, 4, 6, 13, 32,
37–38, 39, 42, 44, 65, 78
Exxon Valdez
, 32, 51–52, 57
oil spill, 32–33
formation of petroleum, 11–13
forms of petroleum.
See
bitumen;
crude oil; natural gas
fossil fuels, 9, 14, 32–33, 76, 80–81, 82,
85, 87
fracking (hydraulic fracturing),
61–66, 70–71, 91
benefits of, 66
Carter Road, 60, 62–64
in China, 65
opposition to, 64–65, 71
future of oil, 15, 35, 45, 90–91.
See
also
peak oil
gas flaring, 57, 70
greenhouse effect.
See
environmental
hazards of petroleum: greenhouse
effect
Halliburton, 41, 46, 54
history of petroleum, 16–35
early uses, 16–18
first US oil boom, 18–24, 34
Greek fire, 16–17
invention of the automobile,
20–21
Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company,
18–19
use in World War I, 21–22
use in World War II, 22–23
horizontal drilling, 66
Hussein, Saddam, 28
hydrocarbons, 9, 54, 85
Imperial Oil, 78
Industrial Revolution, 19–20
kerosene, 11, 18, 20
Keystone pipeline.
See
pipelines:
Keystone pipeline expansion
legislation
Air Quality Act of 1967, 26
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Control Act of 1965, 26
Proposition 87 (Prop 87), 38–40
