103
Solar Photovoltaic Energy
Research Development and
Demonstration Act of 1978,
30–31
liquefied natural gas (LNG), 12
maps, 45
mineral rights, 67–69, 71
American Indians, 68
Minerals Management Service
(MMS), 55–56
natural gas, 7, 11–12, 19, 44, 57, 60–61,
63–65, 69, 77, 84–85
Nixon, Richard M., 26, 30
North Dakota oil boom, 66, 69
Norton, Gale, 41
Obama, Barack, 34–35, 42, 49, 65, 74,
81–82
Occidental, 39
offshore drilling, 24, 56, 78
oilfields
in Alaska, 30
in the Arctic, 77–79
in Canada, 34, 36, 66, 72, 78,
90–91
in Nigeria, 36, 57
in North Dakota, 66–72, 91
in Saudi Arabia, 22, 27, 29, 35,
72, 77
oil spills and disasters:
Cuyahoga River fire, 26
in Ecuador, 58–59
in the Gulf of Mexico, 13, 46–50
in Lanzhou, 50
in Mayflower, Arkansas, 4–6
in the Niger delta, 57
Persian Gulf War oil dump, 49
Quebec train crash, 50–51
Union Oil disasters, 26
See also
Deepwater Horizon; Exxon
Valdez
: oil spills
Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC), 27, 29
peak oil, 90
Hubbert, Marion King, 90–91
petrochemicals, 25
benzene, 5, 50–51, 56–57, 62, 72
PetroChina, 37, 57
petroleum and politics
in the Middle East, 27, 28, 29,
33–35, 42
oil embargoes, 29–30
in the United States, 27–29,
40–45
petroleum and the economy, 12–13
oil consumption, 6–8, 44–45
petroleum production, 11–13, 44–45,
63, 69–70
domestic, 21, 34–35, 36–38, 66–72
foreign, 27, 29, 57–59, 72–73
pipelines, 4, 12, 22, 26, 36, 38, 41, 49,
57, 70, 72, 78, 81
Caspian Pipeline, 37–38
Keystone pipeline expansion,
74–75
Pegasus pipeline, 4–6
plastics, 7, 12, 14, 24, 25, 52–53, 86–87
refineries, 4, 11–12, 20, 22, 30, 36, 41,
42, 56, 74
refining process, 11
Rockefeller, John D., 19
Royal Dutch Shell, 20, 37, 39, 57, 65, 78
Saudi Aramco, 27, 37
shale gas, 60–61, 63, 64–65
Marcellus Shale formation,
60–61, 91
See also
fracking (hydraulic
fracturing)
shale oil, 66–69, 70–71, 91.
See
also
horizontal drilling
Bakken Shale formation, 66, 69
Sinclair Oil Corporation, 8–9
Standard Oil, 20, 22
Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 30
tarballs, 51, 54
tar sands, 34, 36, 72–73, 74, 76–77, 91
by-products, 72–77
coking, 73, 76
steam extraction, 72–73
technology, 26, 44
extraction, 59, 61, 65, 66, 72
oil-searching, 39
Texaco, 58–59
tight oil, 66
TransCanada Corporation, 74
US Department of the Interior, 41, 43,
68, 78–79
vertical drilling, 66–67
