93
political units,
12
, 13
See also
specific city-states; specific
principalities
Graham-Dixon, Andrew, 11
grave diggers, 41, 67,
68
, 69
guardia segreta
, 37
guilds
for artists, 72
authority of, 33
for doctors, 41
for lawyers, 38
Gutenberg, Johannes, 10
Hale, Sheila, 70
Holy Roman emperor, 18
homes
Black Death and, 60–61
of elite class, 23–26,
25
, 72
of middle class, 41, 43
of peasants, 55–56,
56
hygiene, 24, 67
Italian-language schools, 34
Italy, 11,
12
John III (pope), 23
Julius II (pope), 23,
79
justice system
merchants and, 36–37
podestàs
, 47, 49–50
police, 49
Justitia (goddess of Justice), 36
Last Supper, e
(Leonardo da Vinci), 81–85
Latin schools, 32, 34
Latinus (cardinal, legate of pope), 26–27
laws, 36–37
lawyers, 38–39
Leonardo da Vinci
Caterina Riario Sforza de’ Medici and, 76
as inventor of weapons, 82–83, 85
e Last Supper
, 81–85
Lorenzo de’ (the Magnificent) and, 80
Mona Lisa
, 11, 85
sketch of horse sculpture,
84
Lev, Elizabeth, 76
literature
plays, 10, 29, 31–32
poetry, 11
Lives of the Artists
(Vasari), 77
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 62
Lorenzetti, Pietro, 62
Louis the child (king of Sicily), 62–63
Louis XII (king of France), 85
lower classes
children in, 45–46
ciompi
, 52, 54
famine in Bologna, 48
members of, 44, 46
peasants, 54–56,
56
poverty of, 44
slaves, 44, 56–57
lyre, 80
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 22, 54
madornales
, 24
maestros, 73, 75
magistrati
, 37
Manchester, William, 20
Mazzonis, Querciolo, 53
Medici family
Caterina Riario Sforza de’, 76
Cosimo de’,
17
Donatello and, 78, 80
on position of women, 14
power and fortune of, 15, 16
Giovanni de’, 15
Giuliano de’, 18
Ippolito de’, 57
Lorenzo de’ (the Magnificent), 20, 80
Piero de’, 78, 80
tax laws favoring commoners and, 16, 18
medicine
apothecaries, 40, 65
barbers, 40–41, 64
surgeons, 40, 63–64
women practicing, 39
See also
doctors
medieval period, 10, 26
men
clothing, 26,
27
confessions by torture, 49
education of, 32, 34
mercenaries, 46
merchant class
described, 31–32
fair trade and, 36–38
guilds and, 33
portrayed in
e Merchant of Venice
, 29
Merchant of Venice, e
(Shakespeare), 29,
31–32
Messina, 58
Michelangelo, 11,
79
middle class
education of, 32, 34–36
homes, 41, 43
members of, 13, 30
artisans, 23, 33, 38,
39
doctors and lawyers, 38–41
See also
merchant class
Milan,
12
, 53, 76, 81–85
Mona Lisa
(Leonardo da Vinci), 11, 85
music, 80
