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Out of the Shadows








           Caroline Herschel                                                                                         Frieda Robscheit-Robbins
           The first professional astronomer, Herschel was born in Germany in                                        Born in Germany in 1893, she moved to the United States as a child.
           1750. Her brother, William Herschel, was also an astronomer. Together                                     She studied diseases with scientist George Whipple. Together they
           they created the first map of the Milky Way galaxy. Herschel lived                                        discovered a cure for anemia, an illness marked by a lack of red blood
           much of her life in her brother’s shadow. She made many important                                         cells. Whipple was awarded a Nobel Prize for this in 1934. He did not
           discoveries of her own, including finding eight comets.                                                   acknowledge Robscheit-Robbins.





                                                      Emily Warren Roebling                                          Mamie Phipps Clark
                                                      She was born in New York in                                    She was the first African
                                                      1843. Her husband oversaw                                      American woman to receive
                                                      construction of the Brooklyn                                   a doctorate from Columbia
                                                      Bridge. In 1872, he became                                     University in 1943. Clark
                                                      deathly ill. Roebling took over.                               and her husband were
                                                      She was engineer, messenger,                                   psychologists. They proved
                                                      and secretary. When the                                        that separating children by
                                                      bridge opened in 1883,                                         race damaged their minds
                                                      Roebling was the first person                                  and self-worth. This was
                                                      to walk across it                                              important evidence in the
                                                                                                                     1954 Brown v. Board of
                                                                                                                     Education case heard
                                                                                                                     before the Supreme
                                                                                                                     Court. This case              Mamie Phipps
                                            Emily Warren                                                             ended segregation in          Clark with her
                                               Roebling.                                                             schools.                      husband circa

                                                                                                                                                        1945.

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