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the country. But how can a country like the United States, whose
                   founders spoke of seeking individual freedom and liberty, carry such a

                   legacy of discrimination and pain? Many believe that racism is actively
                   passed down from generation to generation. Others, like Jennifer
                   Richeson, a social psychologist from Yale University, believe that
                   racism is learned from the culture as a whole. “The truth is that unless
                   parents actively teach kids not to be racists, they will be. This is not

                   the product of some deep-seated, evil heart that is cultivated,” she
                   said in 2017. “It comes from the environment, the air all around us.”
                                                                                  6
                                                    Particular outbursts of racism are

                                                    often fueled by sudden change or
                    “This is not the product        by tragedy, and several such events
                    of some deep-seated,            took place in the early decades
                    evil heart that                 of the twenty-first century in the
                    is cultivated. It comes         United States.
                    from the environment,              One of these events occurred
                    the air all around us.” 6
                                                    on September 11, 2001. That
                            – Jennifer Richeson,    morning, nineteen men, who
                                 Yale University
                                                    would later be identified as Muslim
                                                    extremists, hijacked four airliners
                                                    soon after they departed from
                   airports on the East Coast. With their destinations in California, each
                   aircraft carried a heavy load of fuel. The terrorists crashed two of the

                   planes into the twin World Trade Center towers in New York City. The
                   impact and subsequent explosion and fire damaged the buildings
                   enough that they then collapsed. A total of 2,753 people, including

                   firefighters and law enforcement personnel, were killed in the New
                   York attacks. The hijackers flew the third plane into the exterior of
                   the Pentagon in Washington, DC, where 184 people were killed.
                   The fourth hijacked plane crashed in a field outside of Shanksville,




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