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the adopted son of Julius Caesar. The word “kaiser”
The Romans fought three wars against the inhabitants of Carthage, an
African trading town. The f rst of the three Punic Wars was settled at sea.
is derived from the name Caesar.
During the second war the Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the Alps
In the beginning Rome was made up of a few settlements of Latins in what is now Italy. In the 6th century BC the Etruscans occupied these
According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by the
settlements and combined them into a town, ruled for 150 years Etruscan kings. The Latins largely adopted their writing, religion, and culture.
The emperor Nero (37–68 AD), notorious
twins Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a wolf. with elephants to reach Rome. In the f nal war (in 146 BC), Carthage was razed. The frst emperor of Rome was Augustus (63 BC–14 AD), for his cruelty, had a gigantic statue The Roman Empire The Picts and the Celts
The mixed population of Rome, the Romans, drove away the last Etruscan king in 509 BC and the Romans declared a republic, with elected
leaders. During its time as a republic, Rome grew into a worldwide empire. But in the 1st century BC a civil war broke out, until finally Augus-
tus replaced the republic with rule by an emperor, but that empire did not last either. Germanic tribes crossed the borders at the end of the 5th
century AD, overthrowing the Western Empire (of which Rome was the capital). In the east, the Roman Empire lasted longer.

made of himself.

Aqueduct

successful statesman and general.
Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) was a The emperor Hadrian built a wall 117 km

long (73 miles) to protect the Romans’
conquered lands in Great Britain.

The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea

Triumphal arch
Gladiators fought in the Colosseum to entertain the population of Rome. Mare Nostrum, which is Latin for “our sea.”

Legionaries were professional soldiers.
Their service lasted many years.

The testudo or tortoise formation

The senate was the most inf uential political
body during the Roman republic.

by strategically placed forts.

Rome was plundered several times during its
The borders of the empire were guarded
Visigoths, was the f rst German to occupy Rome.
history. In 410 AD Alaric, the king of the
According to the Bible, Jesus Christ was born during the reign of the emperor Augustus. They formed a widespread network throughout Europe. Milestone

In 381 AD Christianity became the off cial religion of the Roman Empire.

Military roads were broad, paved, and dead straight.