95
Index
Gartner, Michael, 24
Geena Davis Institute on Gender in
Media, 44,
47
gender
average age of growth spurt and,
29
body dissatisfaction and, 29,
30
, 32
body image and, 7, 20
eating disorders and, 53
media sexualization and, 34–35,
44,
47
men, 30, 55, 61
methods used to control weight,
62
percentage bullied about physical
appearance,
45
percentage of college students
receiving therapy for eating
disorders and,
78
See also
boys; girls; women
genetic predispositions to eating
disorders, 57
genitalia, 24–25, 30
Gervais, Sarah, 39, 42
girls
breasts of
age at development of, 23–24
importance of size and shape,
27, 35–36
media and
body dissatisfaction caused
by,
46
film about stereotypes, 68
percentage of TV characters
below average weight, 46
sexualization by, 34–35, 44,
47
physical appearance of
bullying and, 47
height of, 21–22
judging in sports and, 60
musculature, 22
percentage would change,
32
unhappiness with, 27, 29
weight and
concern about or unhappiness
with, 13, 19, 20, 27
control methods used by, 60,
62
natural gain during puberty,
13, 20
Girl Talk, 67, 79
Glamour
(magazine), 29
Gottlieb, Carrie, 51, 52–53
Green, Laci, 41
gynecomastia, 32
Haber, Joel, 14, 37–38
happiness, thinness as source of, 20
height
dating and, 21–22
teasing about, 26, 28
Information, Communication &
Society
, 46
International OCD Foundation, 55
Israel, 79
Italy, 76
JAMA Pediatrics
(journal), 30
Jones, Montgomery, 42
Journal of Health Psychology
, 30
Karges, Crystal, 43
Kelly, Allison C., 74
Kenny, Emma, 72
Kerner, Ian, 24
Kilbourne, Jean, 34
Kilpatrick, Haley
on beauty as ideal, 34
on bullying, 8, 14
on changes during puberty, 13–14
on methods of achieving positive
body image, 65, 66, 67
Knorr, Caroline, 33, 41, 73
labia, 25, 30
Lawrence, Jennifer, 8
Leive, Cindi, 42
Lemberg, Raymond, 29, 55
Lovato, Demi, 56
Mamet, Zosia, 26
Martin-Weber, Ophélia, 27
Mask You Live In, The
(film), 68
media
annual number of attractiveness
messages, 44
Barbie dolls, 27, 48,
48
fashion models
body type and weight of, 44
healthy weight criteria, 76
Vogue
requirements, 77
has negative influence on realistic
body image, 42,
46
education about manipulation
by, 68, 75, 79
enhanced imagery used, 34,
42, 43
ideal body types as common and
achievable, 7, 13, 33–34
ideas about “normal” genitalia
and, 24–25
importance of physical
appearance, 7, 13
male musculature shown by, 55
sexualization and, 34–35, 44,
47
weight of people
importance of using average-
sized, 78
percentage of female TV
characters underweight, 46
portrayal of overweight teens
on, 36–37
men, 30, 55, 61
mental disorders, 7, 40
mentors, 66–67, 79
Merck Manual of Medical
Information, The
, 22
Michele, Lea, 8
Mighty Girl, A
(blog), 17
Milby, Madeline, 68–69
Miss Representation
(film), 68
More
(magazine), 75
Muhlheim, Lauren, 55
muscle dysmorphia (MDM), 55
musculature
of action-figure toys, 29, 55
development of, 22–23, 55, 59
eating disorders and, 53
MDM and, 55
in media, 55
methods used to increase, 21, 23,
31
, 55, 59, 61
percentage of teen boys concerned
about, 30
as reason for boys experiencing
bullying, 47
traditional idea of masculinity
and, 28
National Association of Anorexia
Nervosa and Associated Disorders,
44, 52, 53, 60, 61
National Eating Disorders
Association, 46, 60, 77, 78
National Eating Disorders
Collaboration, 9
National Institute on Media and the
Family, 29
negative body image
consequences of
BDD, 16, 53–55
diminished quality of life, 12,
16, 49, 50, 58, 68
disordered eating, 50–51, 52–53
eating disorders, 16, 57
MDM, 55
mental disorders, 7, 49
self-consciousness, 50
self-harm, 55–56
See also
self-esteem and
self-worth
described, 6, 11–12
media contributors to, 42,
46
enhanced imagery used, 34,
42, 43
ideal body types as common and
achievable, 7, 13, 33–34
ideas about “normal” genitalia
and, 24–25
importance of physical
appearance, 7, 13
social media, 7, 39, 41, 42,
46, 68
nonmedia contributors to, 16, 47
See also
bullying
percentage by age, 29
percentage by gender, 29
physical appearance and problems,
11–12
responses to, 9
treatment for, 7
negative noise, 67–68
“no makeup days,” 68–69
nonschool activities, 65
Obama, Michelle, 22
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD), 54
O’Connell, Carleigh, 17
Operation Beautiful
(Boyle), 67–68
Operation Beautiful (website), 68
Our Bodies Ourselves (website),
58, 75
overweight/obese individuals
bias against, 7
eating disorders and, 52
lower expectations for students, 12
media portrayal of, 36–37
obesity defined, 21
percentage of Americans, 13, 36
as personal failing, 13
teasing or bullying about, 36–37,
47
victimized by peers, 37
Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 52
Parenting
(magazine), 29
Paxton, Susan, 20
Pediatrics
(journal), 23
peers
avoiding, who criticize
appearances, 17
body image and having accepting,
73
as contributors to negative body
image, 16
importance of, 38
influence of, 38–39
teasing about body image by, 6,
8–9
