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To separate white blood cells, which contain
DNA, from the plasma and red blood cells,
blood samples are placed in devices called
centrifuges.
INTRODUCTION

any people call the sequencing of the human genome

through the Human Genome Project (HGP) the
first great scientific achievement of the 21st century.

MDescribed in its simplest form, the human genome is
the total genetic makeup of a human being. Genetic material is based on

genes. Genes are the “codes” that determine your physical characteristics,
such as hair and eye color. All genes contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Unless you have an identical twin, your DNA is unique. So is your genome.
The HGP officially began its work in 1990. Scientists from many different

countries took part. The project concluded in 2003, two years earlier than
originally planned. Thanks to advancements in computer technology,

scientists were able to move more quickly than expected through the
genome. A rivalry between two groups of scientists also spurred competition.

The project has had many benefits. For instance, advances in healthcare
now allow for earlier detection and treatment of serious diseases. There are even

applications beyond medicine—in the criminal justice field! These advances
and others are why the HGP has been called a turning point in world history.

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