Page 14 - Biased Science

privacy concerns, facial recognition software Tuskegee study, 8–11, 10, 12, 16–17
and, 35–36
product design universalism (Mertonian norm), 24
of automotive vehicles, 39, 44–47, 45 University of Pennsylvania, 46
basis of, 38 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 49, 51
of cell phones, 39–40 Usher, Thomas, 53–54
of military equipment, 41–43, 42 US Public Health Service (PHS), Tuskegee
of scientific clothing and protective gear, study, 8–11, 10, 12, 16–17
43–44
of space suits, 40–41 vaccines and vaccination
of treadmills, 39 controversy surrounding, 18–22, 20
ProPublica (website), 31 effectiveness of, 18, 19
rate of, in United Kingdom, 22
racism. See Black Americans vehicles, product design of, 39, 44–47, 45
Reasoner, Harry, 11 voice recognition software, 32–34, 33
risk assessments, 31–32 Vonderlehr, Raymond, 10
Ritchie, Stuart, 24
Rivers, Eunice, 12 Wakefield, Andrew, 19–22, 20
Ryan, Laurie M., 49 Washington, Harriet A., 16
Weinberg, Steven, 4
Salk, Jonas, 13–14, 14 White Americans
Sato, Yoshihiro, 21 facial recognition software and, 35, 36
Science Fictions: How Fraud, Bias, inaccurate risk assessments for criminal
Negligence, and Hype Undermine the behavior and, 31–32
Search for Truth (Ritchie), 24 medical diagnoses for, 53, 54
sciences, divisions of, 4 and treatment in emergency rooms,
Scientific American, 52 54–56, 55
scientific research use of algorithms in, 54
data fabrication and manipulation in, 22 school discipline disparities and, 28, 30
design of clothing and protective gear for, superiority biases for, 5
43–44 Wild, Sarah, 53
ethical code for, 6–7, 27 Womanikin, 46
fossil fuel industry and, 25–27, 26 women
men as default humans in, 47 algorithms biased against, 30, 31
tobacco companies and, 23, 23–25 car accident injury and survival rate of, 47
scientific theory, 4 of childbearing age and clinical trials, 51
secondhand smoke, 25 drug trials and, 52
sexism. See women facial recognition software and, 36
Skloot, Rebecca, 14 inferiority biases for, 5
smallpox, 18 medical diagnoses for, 53
smoking, 23, 23–25 men as default humans in scientific
space suits, product design of, 40–41 research and effect on, 47
syphilis, Tuskegee study of, 8–11, 10, 12 numbers of, in most medical research
systemic racism, 54–56, 55 studies, 49, 51
performance of CPR on, 46
Tatman, Rachael, 34 product design of items for civilians and,
Terry, Luther, 23 38–40, 39
thalidomide, 51 product design of military equipment and,
Time magazine, 22 41–43, 42
tobacco companies, 23, 23–25 salaries of men compared to, 28
treadmills, design of, 39 voice recognition software for, 33, 34
Tsongas, Niki, 42
Tulane University, 16 Zucker, Irving, 51

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