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Pan’s focus paid off. After Mao died in 1976, political reform came
            to China, and students were allowed to take college entrance exams. He
            scored very well on both mathematics and physics. Much to his dismay, he
            was compelled to major in physics—a field he found “not very interesting.”
            Knowing that he would never become a mathematician, Pan earned a
            master’s degree in biophysics at a Chinese university. He came to the
            United States to further his education, and his interest in the retina was
            cemented when he studied with a retina researcher at State University of
            New York–Buffalo for his PhD.
               Chris Towne always thought he’d be a lawyer. As a kid growing up
            in Australia, one of his favorite movies was the military legal drama A
            Few Good Men. When he went to college, he took some biology classes.
            “Evolution was just the greatest concept—I was blown away!” But he
            thought his law lectures were boring. “I was really intrigued by the
                                          scientific method,” Towne said. “I
                                          wanted to make a real change, and
                                          coming up with an idea that nobody
                                          ever had before was just so exciting
                                          to me.” He got an undergraduate
                                          degree in biotechnology and went to
                                          Switzerland to earn his PhD, working in
                                          a lab that studied gene therapy.
                                             “I’m not that interested in
                                          discovering a new pathway in a cell,”
                                          Towne said. “I’d rather come up with
                                          creative methods of helping an animal
                                          live longer, remove their pain or relieve
                                          their depression.”
                                             Khalid Shah remembers being
          Chris Towne focuses his gene
          therapy research on pain relief.   a very curious boy when he was
          He is motivated by a desire to   young. Shah, who grew up in Kashmir,
          make innovations that will help
          people live better lives, free from   remembers that when he and his
          suffering.



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